Title: | Generalized Price and Quantity Indexes |
---|---|
Description: | Tools to build and work with bilateral generalized-mean price indexes (and by extension quantity indexes), and indexes composed of generalized-mean indexes (e.g., superlative quadratic-mean indexes, GEKS). Covers the core mathematical machinery for making bilateral price indexes, computing price relatives, detecting outliers, and decomposing indexes, with wrappers for all common (and many uncommon) index-number formulas. Implements and extends many of the methods in Balk (2008, <doi:10.1017/CBO9780511720758>), von der Lippe (2007, <doi:10.3726/978-3-653-01120-3>), and the CPI manual (2020, <doi:10.5089/9781484354841.069>). |
Authors: | Steve Martin [aut, cre, cph] |
Maintainer: | Steve Martin <[email protected]> |
License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
Version: | 0.6.2 |
Built: | 2024-08-16 03:20:24 UTC |
Source: | https://github.com/marberts/gpindex |
For each product, compute either the position of the previous period (back period), or the position of the first period (base period). Useful when price information is stored in a table.
back_period(period, product = gl(1, length(period)), match_first = TRUE) base_period(period, product = gl(1, length(period)), match_first = TRUE)
back_period(period, product = gl(1, length(period)), match_first = TRUE) base_period(period, product = gl(1, length(period)), match_first = TRUE)
period |
A factor, or something that can be coerced into one, that
gives the time period for each transaction. The ordering of time periods
follows the levels of |
product |
A factor, or something that can be coerced into one, that gives the product identifier for each transaction. The default is to assume that all transactions are for the same product. |
match_first |
Should products in the first period match with themselves (the default)? |
Both functions return a numeric vector of indices for the back/base periods.
With back_period()
, for all periods after the first, the resulting vector
gives the location of the corresponding product in the previous period.
With base_period()
, the resulting vector gives the location of the
corresponding product in the first period. The locations are unchanged for
the first time period if match_first = TRUE
, NA
otherwise.
By definition, there must be at most one transaction for each product in each time period to determine a back/base period. If multiple transactions correspond to a period-product pair, then the back/base period at a point in time is always the first position for that product in the previous period.
outliers for common methods to detect outliers for price relatives.
rs_pairs
in the rsmatrix package for making sales pairs.
df <- data.frame( price = 1:6, product = factor(c("a", "b")), period = factor(c(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3)) ) with(df, back_period(period, product)) # Make period-over-period price relatives with(df, price / price[back_period(period, product)]) # Make fixed-base price relatives with(df, price / price[base_period(period, product)]) # Change the base period with relevel() with(df, price / price[base_period(relevel(period, "2"), product)]) # Warning is given if the same product has multiple prices # at any point in time with(df, back_period(period))
df <- data.frame( price = 1:6, product = factor(c("a", "b")), period = factor(c(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3)) ) with(df, back_period(period, product)) # Make period-over-period price relatives with(df, price / price[back_period(period, product)]) # Make fixed-base price relatives with(df, price / price[base_period(period, product)]) # Change the base period with relevel() with(df, price / price[base_period(relevel(period, "2"), product)]) # Warning is given if the same product has multiple prices # at any point in time with(df, back_period(period))
Makes a function balance the removal of NA
s across multiple input vectors.
balanced(f, ...)
balanced(f, ...)
f |
A function. |
... |
Deprecated. Additional arguments to |
A function like f
with a new argument na.rm
. If na.rm = TRUE
then
complete.cases()
is used to remove missing values across all inputs
prior to calling f
.
Other operators:
grouped()
,
quantity_index()
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Balance missing values for a Fisher index fisher <- balanced(fisher_index) fisher(p1, p0, q1, replace(q0, 3, NA), na.rm = TRUE) fisher_index(p1[-3], p0[-3], q1[-3], q0[-3]) # Operators can be combined, but some care may be needed x <- 1:6 w <- c(1:5, NA) f <- factor(rep(letters[1:2], each = 3)) grouped(\(x, w) balanced(fisher_mean)(x, w, na.rm = TRUE))(x, w, group = f) balanced(grouped(fisher_mean))(x, w, group = f, na.rm = TRUE)
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Balance missing values for a Fisher index fisher <- balanced(fisher_index) fisher(p1, p0, q1, replace(q0, 3, NA), na.rm = TRUE) fisher_index(p1[-3], p0[-3], q1[-3], q0[-3]) # Operators can be combined, but some care may be needed x <- 1:6 w <- c(1:5, NA) f <- factor(rep(letters[1:2], each = 3)) grouped(\(x, w) balanced(fisher_mean)(x, w, na.rm = TRUE))(x, w, group = f) balanced(grouped(fisher_mean))(x, w, group = f, na.rm = TRUE)
Calculate additive percent-change contributions for generalized-mean price indexes, and indexes that nest two levels of generalized means consisting of an outer generalized mean and two inner generalized means (e.g., the Fisher index).
contributions(r) arithmetic_contributions(x, w = NULL) geometric_contributions(x, w = NULL) harmonic_contributions(x, w = NULL) nested_contributions(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) nested_contributions2(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) fisher_contributions(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL) fisher_contributions2(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL)
contributions(r) arithmetic_contributions(x, w = NULL) geometric_contributions(x, w = NULL) harmonic_contributions(x, w = NULL) nested_contributions(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) nested_contributions2(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) fisher_contributions(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL) fisher_contributions2(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL)
r |
A finite number giving the order of the generalized mean. |
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
w , w1 , w2
|
A strictly positive numeric vector of weights, the same length
as |
r1 |
A finite number giving the order of the outer generalized mean. |
r2 |
A pair of finite numbers giving the order of the inner generalized means. |
t |
A pair of strictly positive weights for the inner generalized means. The default is equal weights. |
The function contributions()
is a simple wrapper for
transmute_weights(r, 1)()
to calculate
(additive) percent-change contributions for a price index based on a
generalized mean of order r
. It returns a function to compute a
vector v(x, w)
such that
generalized_mean(r)(x, w) - 1 == sum(v(x, w))
This generalizes the approach for calculating percent-change contributions
in section 4.2 of Balk (2008) using the method by Martin (2021). The
arithmetic_contributions()
, geometric_contributions()
and
harmonic_contributions()
functions cover the most important cases
(i.e., r = 1
, r = 0
, and r = -1
).
The nested_contributions()
and nested_contributions2()
functions are the analog of contributions()
for an index based on a
nested generalized mean with two levels, like a Fisher index. They return a
function that calculates the contribution of each element of x
when a
generalized mean of order r1
aggregates two generalized-mean indexes
of x
with orders r2
, and weights w1
and w2
.
Unlike the case of a generalized-mean index, there are several ways to make
contributions for an index based on nested generalized means.
nested_contributions()
uses a generalization of the algorithm in
section 6 of Reinsdorf et al. (2002) by Martin (2021).
nested_contributions2()
generalizes the van IJzeren decomposition for
the Fisher index (Balk, 2008, section 4.2.2) by constructing a weighted
average of the contributions for both of the inner means with the approach
by Martin (2021). In most cases the results are broadly similar.
The fisher_contributions()
and fisher_contributions2()
functions correspond to nested_contributions(0, c(1, -1))()
and
nested_contributions2(0, c(1, -1))()
, and are appropriate for
calculating percent-change contributions for a Fisher index.
contributions()
returns a function:
function(x, w = NULL){...}
This computes the additive contribution for each element of x
in an
index based on the generalized mean of order r
with weights w
.
nested_contributions()
and nested_contributions2()
return a
function:
function(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL){...}
This computes the additive contribution for each element of x
when a
generalized mean of order r1
aggregates a generalized-mean index of
order r2[1]
with weights w1
and a generalized-mean index of
order r2[2]
with weights w2
.
arithmetic_contributions()
, geometric_contributions()
, and
harmonic_contributions()
each return a numeric vector, the same
length as x
, giving the contribution of each element of x
in
an arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic index.
fisher_contributions()
and fisher_contributions2()
each return
a numeric vector, the same length as x
, giving the contribution of
each element of x
when a geometric mean aggregates an arithmetic mean
of x
with weights w1
and a harmonic mean of x
with
weights w2
.
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
Hallerbach, W. G. (2005). An alternative decomposition of the Fisher index. Economics Letters, 86(2):147–152
Martin, S. (2021). A note on general decompositions for price indexes. Prices Analytical Series, Statistics Canada catalogue no. 62F0014M. Statistics Canada, Ottawa.
Reinsdorf, M. B., Diewert, W. E., and Ehemann, C. (2002). Additive decompositions for Fisher, Törnqvist and geometric mean indexes. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 28(1-2):51–61.
Webster, M. and Tarnow-Mordi, R. C. (2019). Decomposing multilateral price indexes into the contributions of individual commodities. Journal of Official Statistics, 35(2):461–486.
transmute_weights()
for the underlying implementation.
x <- 2:3 #---- Contributions for a geometric index ---- geometric_mean(x) - 1 # percent change in the Jevons index geometric_contributions(x) all.equal(geometric_mean(x) - 1, sum(geometric_contributions(x))) # This works by first transmuting the weights in the geometric mean # into weights for an arithmetic mean, then finding the contributions # to the percent change transmute_weights(0, 1)(x) * (x - 1) # Not the only way to calculate contributions transmute2 <- function(x) { m <- geometric_mean(x) (m - 1) / log(m) * log(x) / (x - 1) / length(x) } transmute2(x) * (x - 1) # not proportional to the method above all.equal(sum(transmute2(x) * (x - 1)), geometric_mean(x) - 1) # But these "transmuted" weights don't recover the geometric mean! # Not a particularly good way to calculate contributions isTRUE(all.equal( arithmetic_mean(x, transmute2(x)), geometric_mean(x) )) # There are infinitely many ways to calculate contributions, but the # weights from transmute_weights(0, 1)() are the *unique* weights that # recover the geometric mean perturb <- function(w, e) { w + c(e, -e) / (x - 1) } perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1) * (x - 1) all.equal( sum(perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1) * (x - 1)), geometric_mean(x) - 1 ) isTRUE(all.equal( arithmetic_mean(x, perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1)), geometric_mean(x) )) #---- Contributions for a Fisher index ---- p1 <- price6[[2]] p0 <- price6[[1]] q1 <- quantity6[[2]] q0 <- quantity6[[1]] # Percent-change contributions for the Fisher index in section 6 of # Reinsdorf et al. (2002) (con <- fisher_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) )) all.equal(sum(con), fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) # Not the only way (con2 <- fisher_contributions2( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) )) all.equal(sum(con2), fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) # The same as the van IJzeren decomposition in section 4.2.2 of # Balk (2008) Qf <- quantity_index(fisher_index)(q1, q0, p1, p0) Ql <- quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1, q0, p0) wl <- scale_weights(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) wp <- scale_weights(index_weights("HybridPaasche")(p0, q1)) (Qf / (Qf + Ql) * wl + Ql / (Qf + Ql) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) # Similar to the method in section 2 of Reinsdorf et al. (2002), # although those contributions aren't based on weights that sum to 1 Pf <- fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) Pl <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) (1 / (1 + Pf) * wl + Pl / (1 + Pf) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) # Also similar to the decomposition by Hallerbach (2005), noting that # the Euler weights are close to unity Pp <- paasche_index(p1, p0, q1) (0.5 * sqrt(Pp / Pl) * wl + 0.5 * sqrt(Pl / Pp) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) #---- Contributions for other types of indexes ---- # A function to get contributions for any superlative quadratic mean of # order 'r' index superlative_contributions <- function(r) { nested_contributions(0, c(r / 2, -r / 2)) } # Can be used to decompose the implict Walsh index superlative_contributions(1)( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) ) # Works for other types of indexes, like the harmonic # Laspeyres Paasche index hlp_contributions <- nested_contributions(-1, c(1, -1)) hlp_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) ) # Or the AG mean index (tau = 0.25) agmean_contributions <- nested_contributions(1, c(0, 1), c(0.25, 0.75)) agmean_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0) ) # Or the Balk-Walsh index bw_contributions <- nested_contributions(0, c(0.5, -0.5)) bw_contributions(p1 / p0)
x <- 2:3 #---- Contributions for a geometric index ---- geometric_mean(x) - 1 # percent change in the Jevons index geometric_contributions(x) all.equal(geometric_mean(x) - 1, sum(geometric_contributions(x))) # This works by first transmuting the weights in the geometric mean # into weights for an arithmetic mean, then finding the contributions # to the percent change transmute_weights(0, 1)(x) * (x - 1) # Not the only way to calculate contributions transmute2 <- function(x) { m <- geometric_mean(x) (m - 1) / log(m) * log(x) / (x - 1) / length(x) } transmute2(x) * (x - 1) # not proportional to the method above all.equal(sum(transmute2(x) * (x - 1)), geometric_mean(x) - 1) # But these "transmuted" weights don't recover the geometric mean! # Not a particularly good way to calculate contributions isTRUE(all.equal( arithmetic_mean(x, transmute2(x)), geometric_mean(x) )) # There are infinitely many ways to calculate contributions, but the # weights from transmute_weights(0, 1)() are the *unique* weights that # recover the geometric mean perturb <- function(w, e) { w + c(e, -e) / (x - 1) } perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1) * (x - 1) all.equal( sum(perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1) * (x - 1)), geometric_mean(x) - 1 ) isTRUE(all.equal( arithmetic_mean(x, perturb(transmute2(x), 0.1)), geometric_mean(x) )) #---- Contributions for a Fisher index ---- p1 <- price6[[2]] p0 <- price6[[1]] q1 <- quantity6[[2]] q0 <- quantity6[[1]] # Percent-change contributions for the Fisher index in section 6 of # Reinsdorf et al. (2002) (con <- fisher_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) )) all.equal(sum(con), fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) # Not the only way (con2 <- fisher_contributions2( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) )) all.equal(sum(con2), fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) # The same as the van IJzeren decomposition in section 4.2.2 of # Balk (2008) Qf <- quantity_index(fisher_index)(q1, q0, p1, p0) Ql <- quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1, q0, p0) wl <- scale_weights(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) wp <- scale_weights(index_weights("HybridPaasche")(p0, q1)) (Qf / (Qf + Ql) * wl + Ql / (Qf + Ql) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) # Similar to the method in section 2 of Reinsdorf et al. (2002), # although those contributions aren't based on weights that sum to 1 Pf <- fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0) Pl <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) (1 / (1 + Pf) * wl + Pl / (1 + Pf) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) # Also similar to the decomposition by Hallerbach (2005), noting that # the Euler weights are close to unity Pp <- paasche_index(p1, p0, q1) (0.5 * sqrt(Pp / Pl) * wl + 0.5 * sqrt(Pl / Pp) * wp) * (p1 / p0 - 1) #---- Contributions for other types of indexes ---- # A function to get contributions for any superlative quadratic mean of # order 'r' index superlative_contributions <- function(r) { nested_contributions(0, c(r / 2, -r / 2)) } # Can be used to decompose the implict Walsh index superlative_contributions(1)( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) ) # Works for other types of indexes, like the harmonic # Laspeyres Paasche index hlp_contributions <- nested_contributions(-1, c(1, -1)) hlp_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1) ) # Or the AG mean index (tau = 0.25) agmean_contributions <- nested_contributions(1, c(0, 1), c(0.25, 0.75)) agmean_contributions( p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0) ) # Or the Balk-Walsh index bw_contributions <- nested_contributions(0, c(0.5, -0.5)) bw_contributions(p1 / p0)
Calculate a generalized logarithmic mean / extended mean.
extended_mean(r, s) generalized_logmean(r) logmean(a, b, tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.5)
extended_mean(r, s) generalized_logmean(r) logmean(a, b, tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.5)
r , s
|
A finite number giving the order of the generalized logarithmic mean / extended mean. |
a , b
|
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
tol |
The tolerance used to determine if |
The function extended_mean()
returns a function to compute the
component-wise extended mean of a
and b
of orders r
and
s
. See Bullen (2003, p. 393) for a definition. This is also called
the difference mean, Stolarsky mean, or extended mean-value mean.
The function generalized_logmean()
returns a function to compute the
component-wise generalized logarithmic mean of a
and b
of
order r
. See Bullen (2003, p. 385) for a definition, or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolarsky_mean. The generalized
logarithmic mean is a special case of the extended mean, corresponding to
extended_mean(r, 1)()
, but is more commonly used for price indexes.
The function logmean()
returns the ordinary component-wise
logarithmic mean of a
and b
, and corresponds to
generalized_logmean(1)()
.
Both a
and b
should be strictly positive. This is not
enforced, but the results may not make sense when the generalized
logarithmic mean / extended mean is not defined. The usual recycling rules
apply when a
and b
are not the same length.
By definition, the generalized logarithmic mean / extended mean of a
and b
is a
when a == b
. The tol
argument is used
to test equality by checking if abs(a - b) <= tol
. The default value
is the same as all.equal()
. Setting tol = 0
tests for exact equality, but can give misleading results when a
and
b
are computed values. In some cases it's useful to multiply
tol
by a scale factor, such as max(abs(a), abs(b))
. This often
doesn't matter when making price indexes, however, as a
and b
are usually around 1.
generalized_logmean()
and extended_mean()
return a
function:
function(a, b, tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.5){...}
This computes the component-wise generalized logarithmic mean of order
r
, or the extended mean of orders r
and s
, of a
and b
.
logmean()
returns a numeric vector, the same length as
max(length(a), length(b))
, giving the component-wise logarithmic mean
of a
and b
.
generalized_logmean()
can be defined on the extended real line,
so that r = -Inf / Inf
returns pmin()
/pmax()
, to agree with the
definition in, e.g., Bullen (2003). This is not implemented, and r
must be finite as in the original formulation by Stolarsky (1975).
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
Bullen, P. S. (2003). Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities. Springer Science+Business Media.
Stolarsky, K. B. (1975). Generalizations of the Logarithmic Mean. Mathematics Magazine, 48(2): 87-92.
transmute_weights()
uses the extended mean to turn a generalized
mean of order into a generalized mean of order
.
Other means:
generalized_mean()
,
lehmer_mean()
,
nested_mean()
x <- 8:5 y <- 1:4 #---- Comparing logarithmic means and generalized means ---- # The arithmetic and geometric means are special cases of the # generalized logarithmic mean all.equal(generalized_logmean(2)(x, y), (x + y) / 2) all.equal(generalized_logmean(-1)(x, y), sqrt(x * y)) # The logarithmic mean lies between the arithmetic and geometric means # because the generalized logarithmic mean is increasing in r all(logmean(x, y) < (x + y) / 2) & all(logmean(x, y) > sqrt(x * y)) # The harmonic mean cannot be expressed as a logarithmic mean, but can # be expressed as an extended mean all.equal(extended_mean(-2, -1)(x, y), 2 / (1 / x + 1 / y)) # The quadratic mean is also a type of extended mean all.equal(extended_mean(2, 4)(x, y), sqrt(x^2 / 2 + y^2 / 2)) # As are heronian and centroidal means all.equal( extended_mean(0.5, 1.5)(x, y), (x + sqrt(x * y) + y) / 3 ) all.equal( extended_mean(2, 3)(x, y), 2 / 3 * (x^2 + x * y + y^2) / (x + y) ) #---- Approximating the logarithmic mean ---- # The logarithmic mean can be approximated as a convex combination of # the arithmetic and geometric means that gives more weight to the # geometric mean approx1 <- 1 / 3 * (x + y) / 2 + 2 / 3 * sqrt(x * y) approx2 <- ((x + y) / 2)^(1 / 3) * (sqrt(x * y))^(2 / 3) approx1 - logmean(x, y) # always a positive approximation error approx2 - logmean(x, y) # a negative approximation error # A better approximation correction <- (log(x / y) / pi)^4 / 32 approx1 / (1 + correction) - logmean(x, y) #---- Some identities ---- # A useful identity for turning an additive change into a proportionate # change all.equal(logmean(x, y) * log(x / y), x - y) # Works for other orders, too r <- 2 all.equal( generalized_logmean(r)(x, y)^(r - 1) * (r * (x - y)), (x^r - y^r) ) # Some other identities all.equal( generalized_logmean(-2)(1, 2), (harmonic_mean(1:2) * geometric_mean(1:2)^2)^(1 / 3) ) all.equal( generalized_logmean(0.5)(1, 2), (arithmetic_mean(1:2) + geometric_mean(1:2)) / 2 ) all.equal( logmean(1, 2), geometric_mean(1:2)^2 * logmean(1, 1 / 2) ) #---- Integral representations of the logarithmic mean ---- logmean(2, 3) integrate(function(t) 2^(1 - t) * 3^t, 0, 1)$value 1 / integrate(function(t) 1 / (2 * (1 - t) + 3 * t), 0, 1)$value
x <- 8:5 y <- 1:4 #---- Comparing logarithmic means and generalized means ---- # The arithmetic and geometric means are special cases of the # generalized logarithmic mean all.equal(generalized_logmean(2)(x, y), (x + y) / 2) all.equal(generalized_logmean(-1)(x, y), sqrt(x * y)) # The logarithmic mean lies between the arithmetic and geometric means # because the generalized logarithmic mean is increasing in r all(logmean(x, y) < (x + y) / 2) & all(logmean(x, y) > sqrt(x * y)) # The harmonic mean cannot be expressed as a logarithmic mean, but can # be expressed as an extended mean all.equal(extended_mean(-2, -1)(x, y), 2 / (1 / x + 1 / y)) # The quadratic mean is also a type of extended mean all.equal(extended_mean(2, 4)(x, y), sqrt(x^2 / 2 + y^2 / 2)) # As are heronian and centroidal means all.equal( extended_mean(0.5, 1.5)(x, y), (x + sqrt(x * y) + y) / 3 ) all.equal( extended_mean(2, 3)(x, y), 2 / 3 * (x^2 + x * y + y^2) / (x + y) ) #---- Approximating the logarithmic mean ---- # The logarithmic mean can be approximated as a convex combination of # the arithmetic and geometric means that gives more weight to the # geometric mean approx1 <- 1 / 3 * (x + y) / 2 + 2 / 3 * sqrt(x * y) approx2 <- ((x + y) / 2)^(1 / 3) * (sqrt(x * y))^(2 / 3) approx1 - logmean(x, y) # always a positive approximation error approx2 - logmean(x, y) # a negative approximation error # A better approximation correction <- (log(x / y) / pi)^4 / 32 approx1 / (1 + correction) - logmean(x, y) #---- Some identities ---- # A useful identity for turning an additive change into a proportionate # change all.equal(logmean(x, y) * log(x / y), x - y) # Works for other orders, too r <- 2 all.equal( generalized_logmean(r)(x, y)^(r - 1) * (r * (x - y)), (x^r - y^r) ) # Some other identities all.equal( generalized_logmean(-2)(1, 2), (harmonic_mean(1:2) * geometric_mean(1:2)^2)^(1 / 3) ) all.equal( generalized_logmean(0.5)(1, 2), (arithmetic_mean(1:2) + geometric_mean(1:2)) / 2 ) all.equal( logmean(1, 2), geometric_mean(1:2)^2 * logmean(1, 1 / 2) ) #---- Integral representations of the logarithmic mean ---- logmean(2, 3) integrate(function(t) 2^(1 - t) * 3^t, 0, 1)$value 1 / integrate(function(t) 1 / (2 * (1 - t) + 3 * t), 0, 1)$value
Factor weights to turn the generalized mean of a product into the product of generalized means. Useful for price-updating the weights in a generalized-mean index.
factor_weights(r) update_weights(x, w = NULL)
factor_weights(r) update_weights(x, w = NULL)
r |
A finite number giving the order of the generalized mean. |
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
w |
A strictly positive numeric vector of weights, the same length as
|
The function factor_weights(r)
returns a function to compute weights
u(x, w)
such that
generalized_mean(r)(x * y, w) == generalized_mean(r)(x, w) * generalized_mean(r)(y, u(x, w))
This generalizes the result in section C.5 of Chapter 9 of the PPI Manual for chaining the Young index, and gives a way to chain generalized-mean price indexes over time.
Factoring weights with r = 1
sometimes gets called price-updating
weights; update_weights()
simply calls factor_weights(1)()
.
Factoring weights return a value that is the same length as x
,
so any missing values in x
or the weights will return NA
.
Unless all values are NA
, however, the result for will still satisfy
the above identity when na.rm = TRUE
.
factor_weights()
return a function:
function(x, w = NULL){...}
update_weights()
returns a numeric vector the same length as x
.
ILO, IMF, OECD, UNECE, and World Bank. (2004). Producer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice. International Monetary Fund.
generalized_mean()
for the generalized mean.
grouped()
to make these functions operate on grouped data.
Other weights functions:
scale_weights()
,
transmute_weights()
x <- 1:3 y <- 4:6 w <- 3:1 # Factor the harmonic mean by chaining the calculation harmonic_mean(x * y, w) harmonic_mean(x, w) * harmonic_mean(y, factor_weights(-1)(x, w)) # The common case of an arithmetic mean arithmetic_mean(x * y, w) arithmetic_mean(x, w) * arithmetic_mean(y, update_weights(x, w)) # In cases where x and y have the same order, Chebyshev's # inequality implies that the chained calculation is too small arithmetic_mean(x * y, w) > arithmetic_mean(x, w) * arithmetic_mean(y, w)
x <- 1:3 y <- 4:6 w <- 3:1 # Factor the harmonic mean by chaining the calculation harmonic_mean(x * y, w) harmonic_mean(x, w) * harmonic_mean(y, factor_weights(-1)(x, w)) # The common case of an arithmetic mean arithmetic_mean(x * y, w) arithmetic_mean(x, w) * arithmetic_mean(y, update_weights(x, w)) # In cases where x and y have the same order, Chebyshev's # inequality implies that the chained calculation is too small arithmetic_mean(x * y, w) > arithmetic_mean(x, w) * arithmetic_mean(y, w)
Calculate a generalized inter-temporal GEKS price index over a rolling window.
geks(f, r = 0) tornqvist_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE ) fisher_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE ) walsh_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE )
geks(f, r = 0) tornqvist_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE ) fisher_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE ) walsh_geks( p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1L, na.rm = FALSE )
f |
A price index function that uses information on both base and current-period prices and quantities, and satisfies the time-reversal test. Usually a Törnqvist, Fisher, or Walsh index. |
r |
A finite number giving the order of the generalized mean used to average price indexes over the rolling window. The default uses a geometric mean. |
p |
A numeric vector of prices, the same length as |
q |
A numeric vector of quantities, the same length as |
period |
A factor, or something that can be coerced into one, that
gives the corresponding time period for each element in |
product |
A factor, or something that can be coerced into one, that
gives the corresponding product identifier for each element in |
window |
A positive integer giving the length of the rolling window.
The default is a window that encompasses all periods in |
n |
A positive integer giving the length of the index series for each
window, starting from the end of the window. For example, if there are 13
periods in |
na.rm |
Passed to |
geks()
returns a function:
function(p, q, period, product, window = nlevels(period), n = window - 1, na.rm = FALSE){...}
This calculates a period-over-period GEKS index with the desired index-number formula, returning a list for each window with a named-numeric vector of index values.
tornqvist_geks()
, fisher_geks()
, and walsh_geks()
each return a list
with a named numeric vector giving the value of the respective
period-over-period GEKS index for each window.
Like back_period()
, if multiple prices
correspond to a period-product pair, then the back price at a point in time
is always the first price for that product in the previous period. Unlike a
bilateral index, however, duplicated period-product pairs can have more
subtle implications for a multilateral index.
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
IMF, ILO, Eurostat, UNECE, OECD, and World Bank. (2020). Consumer Price Index Manual: Concepts and Methods. International Monetary Fund.
Ivancic, L., Diewert, W. E., and Fox, K. J. (2011). Scanner data, time aggregation and the construction of price indexes. Journal of Econometrics, 161(1): 24–35.
GEKSIndex()
in the indexNumR package for an implementation of the
GEKS index with more options.
Other price index functions:
index_weights()
,
price_indexes
,
splice_index()
price <- 1:10 quantity <- 10:1 period <- rep(1:5, 2) product <- rep(letters[1:2], each = 5) cumprod(tornqvist_geks(price, quantity, period, product)[[1]]) # Calculate the index over a rolling window (tg <- tornqvist_geks(price, quantity, period, product, window = 3)) # Use a movement splice to combine the indexes in each window splice_index(tg, 2) # ... or use a mean splice splice_index(tg) #---- Missing data ---- quantity[2] <- NA # Use all non-missing data fisher_geks(price, quantity, period, product, na.rm = TRUE) # Remove records with any missing data fg <- geks(balanced(fisher_index)) fg(price, quantity, period, product, na.rm = TRUE) #---- Make a Jevons GEKS index ---- jevons_geks <- geks(\(p1, p0, ..., na.rm) jevons_index(p1, p0, na.rm)) jevons_geks(price, quantity, period, product)
price <- 1:10 quantity <- 10:1 period <- rep(1:5, 2) product <- rep(letters[1:2], each = 5) cumprod(tornqvist_geks(price, quantity, period, product)[[1]]) # Calculate the index over a rolling window (tg <- tornqvist_geks(price, quantity, period, product, window = 3)) # Use a movement splice to combine the indexes in each window splice_index(tg, 2) # ... or use a mean splice splice_index(tg) #---- Missing data ---- quantity[2] <- NA # Use all non-missing data fisher_geks(price, quantity, period, product, na.rm = TRUE) # Remove records with any missing data fg <- geks(balanced(fisher_index)) fg(price, quantity, period, product, na.rm = TRUE) #---- Make a Jevons GEKS index ---- jevons_geks <- geks(\(p1, p0, ..., na.rm) jevons_index(p1, p0, na.rm)) jevons_geks(price, quantity, period, product)
Calculate a weighted generalized mean.
generalized_mean(r) arithmetic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE) geometric_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE) harmonic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
generalized_mean(r) arithmetic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE) geometric_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE) harmonic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
r |
A finite number giving the order of the generalized mean. |
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
w |
A strictly positive numeric vector of weights, the same length as
|
na.rm |
Should missing values in |
The function generalized_mean()
returns a function to compute the
generalized mean of x
with weights w
and exponent r
(i.e., when
and
otherwise). This is also called the power mean, Hölder mean, or
mean. See Bullen (2003, p. 175) for a definition, or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_mean. The generalized mean
is the solution to the optimal prediction problem: choose
to
minimize
when
,
otherwise.
The functions arithmetic_mean()
, geometric_mean()
, and
harmonic_mean()
compute the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic (or
subcontrary) means, also known as the Pythagorean means. These are the most
useful means for making price indexes, and correspond to setting
r = 1
, r = 0
, and r = -1
in generalized_mean()
.
Both x
and w
should be strictly positive (and finite),
especially for the purpose of making a price index. This is not enforced,
but the results may not make sense if the generalized mean is not defined.
There are two exceptions to this.
The convention in Hardy et al. (1952, p. 13) is used in cases where x
has zeros: the generalized mean is 0 whenever w
is strictly positive and
r
< 0. (The analogous convention holds whenever at least one element of x
is Inf
: the generalized mean is Inf
whenever w
is strictly positive
and r
> 0.)
Some authors let w
be non-negative and sum to 1 (e.g., Sydsaeter
et al., 2005, p. 47). If w
has zeros, then the corresponding element
of x
has no impact on the mean whenever x
is strictly
positive. Unlike weighted.mean()
, however,
zeros in w
are not strong zeros, so infinite values in x
will
propagate even if the corresponding elements of w
are zero.
The weights are scaled to sum to 1 to satisfy the definition of a
generalized mean. There are certain price indexes where the weights should
not be scaled (e.g., the Vartia-I index); use sum()
for
these cases.
The underlying calculation returned by generalized_mean()
is mostly
identical to weighted.mean()
, with one
important exception: missing values in the weights are not treated
differently than missing values in x
. Setting na.rm = TRUE
drops missing values in both x
and w
, not just x
. This
ensures that certain useful identities are satisfied with missing values in
x
. In most cases arithmetic_mean()
is a drop-in replacement
for weighted.mean()
.
generalized_mean()
returns a function:
function(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE){...}
This computes the generalized mean of order r
of x
with
weights w
.
arithmetic_mean()
, geometric_mean()
, and
harmonic_mean()
each return a numeric value for the generalized means
of order 1, 0, and -1.
generalized_mean()
can be defined on the extended real line, so
that r = -Inf / Inf
returns min()
/max()
, to agree with the
definition in, e.g., Bullen (2003). This is not implemented, and r
must be finite.
There are a number of existing functions for calculating unweighted
geometric and harmonic means, namely the geometric.mean()
and
harmonic.mean()
functions in the psych package, the
geomean()
function in the FSA package, the GMean()
and
HMean()
functions in the DescTools package, and the
geoMean()
function in the EnvStats package. Similarly, the
ci_generalized_mean()
function in the Compind package
calculates an unweighted generalized mean.
Bullen, P. S. (2003). Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities. Springer Science+Business Media.
Fisher, I. (1922). The Making of Index Numbers. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Hardy, G., Littlewood, J. E., and Polya, G. (1952). Inequalities (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press.
IMF, ILO, Eurostat, UNECE, OECD, and World Bank. (2020). Consumer Price Index Manual: Concepts and Methods. International Monetary Fund.
Lord, N. (2002). Does Smaller Spread Always Mean Larger Product? The Mathematical Gazette, 86(506): 273-274.
Sydsaeter, K., Strom, A., and Berck, P. (2005). Economists' Mathematical Manual (4th edition). Springer.
transmute_weights()
transforms the weights to turn a generalized
mean of order into a generalized mean of order
.
factor_weights()
calculates the weights to factor a mean of
products into a product of means.
price_indexes and quantity_index()
for simple
wrappers that use generalized_mean()
to calculate common indexes.
back_period()
/base_period()
for a simple utility
function to turn prices in a table into price relatives.
Other means:
extended_mean()
,
lehmer_mean()
,
nested_mean()
x <- 1:3 w <- c(0.25, 0.25, 0.5) #---- Common generalized means ---- # Arithmetic mean arithmetic_mean(x, w) # same as weighted.mean(x, w) # Geometric mean geometric_mean(x, w) # same as prod(x^w) # Harmonic mean harmonic_mean(x, w) # same as 1 / weighted.mean(1 / x, w) # Quadratic mean / root mean square generalized_mean(2)(x, w) # Cubic mean # Notice that this is larger than the other means so far because # the generalized mean is increasing in r generalized_mean(3)(x, w) #---- Comparing the Pythagorean means ---- # The dispersion between the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic # mean usually increases as the variance of 'x' increases x <- c(1, 3, 5) y <- c(2, 3, 4) var(x) > var(y) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(y) - geometric_mean(y) geometric_mean(x) - harmonic_mean(x) geometric_mean(y) - harmonic_mean(y) # But the dispersion between these means is only bounded by the # variance (Bullen, 2003, p. 156) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) >= 2 / 3 * var(x) / (2 * max(x)) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) <= 2 / 3 * var(x) / (2 * min(x)) # Example by Lord (2002) where the dispersion decreases as the variance # increases, counter to the claims by Fisher (1922, p. 108) and the # CPI manual (par. 1.14) x <- (5 + c(sqrt(5), -sqrt(5), -3)) / 4 y <- (16 + c(7 * sqrt(2), -7 * sqrt(2), 0)) / 16 var(x) > var(y) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(y) - geometric_mean(y) geometric_mean(x) - harmonic_mean(x) geometric_mean(y) - harmonic_mean(y) # The "bias" in the arithmetic and harmonic indexes is also smaller in # this case, counter to the claim by Fisher (1922, p. 108) arithmetic_mean(x) * arithmetic_mean(1 / x) - 1 arithmetic_mean(y) * arithmetic_mean(1 / y) - 1 harmonic_mean(x) * harmonic_mean(1 / x) - 1 harmonic_mean(y) * harmonic_mean(1 / y) - 1 #---- Missing values ---- w[2] <- NA arithmetic_mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE) # drop the second observation weighted.mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE) # still returns NA
x <- 1:3 w <- c(0.25, 0.25, 0.5) #---- Common generalized means ---- # Arithmetic mean arithmetic_mean(x, w) # same as weighted.mean(x, w) # Geometric mean geometric_mean(x, w) # same as prod(x^w) # Harmonic mean harmonic_mean(x, w) # same as 1 / weighted.mean(1 / x, w) # Quadratic mean / root mean square generalized_mean(2)(x, w) # Cubic mean # Notice that this is larger than the other means so far because # the generalized mean is increasing in r generalized_mean(3)(x, w) #---- Comparing the Pythagorean means ---- # The dispersion between the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic # mean usually increases as the variance of 'x' increases x <- c(1, 3, 5) y <- c(2, 3, 4) var(x) > var(y) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(y) - geometric_mean(y) geometric_mean(x) - harmonic_mean(x) geometric_mean(y) - harmonic_mean(y) # But the dispersion between these means is only bounded by the # variance (Bullen, 2003, p. 156) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) >= 2 / 3 * var(x) / (2 * max(x)) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) <= 2 / 3 * var(x) / (2 * min(x)) # Example by Lord (2002) where the dispersion decreases as the variance # increases, counter to the claims by Fisher (1922, p. 108) and the # CPI manual (par. 1.14) x <- (5 + c(sqrt(5), -sqrt(5), -3)) / 4 y <- (16 + c(7 * sqrt(2), -7 * sqrt(2), 0)) / 16 var(x) > var(y) arithmetic_mean(x) - geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(y) - geometric_mean(y) geometric_mean(x) - harmonic_mean(x) geometric_mean(y) - harmonic_mean(y) # The "bias" in the arithmetic and harmonic indexes is also smaller in # this case, counter to the claim by Fisher (1922, p. 108) arithmetic_mean(x) * arithmetic_mean(1 / x) - 1 arithmetic_mean(y) * arithmetic_mean(1 / y) - 1 harmonic_mean(x) * harmonic_mean(1 / x) - 1 harmonic_mean(y) * harmonic_mean(1 / y) - 1 #---- Missing values ---- w[2] <- NA arithmetic_mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE) # drop the second observation weighted.mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE) # still returns NA
Make a function applicable to grouped data.
grouped(f, ...)
grouped(f, ...)
f |
A function. |
... |
Deprecated. Additional arguments to |
A function like f
with a new argument group
. This accepts a factor to
split all other arguments in f
into groups before applying f
to each
group and combining the results. It is similar to ave()
, but more general.
Other operators:
balanced()
,
quantity_index()
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Calculate Tornqvist weights for two groups f <- factor(rep(letters[1:2], each = 3)) tornqvist_weights <- grouped(index_weights("Tornqvist")) tornqvist_weights(p1, p0, q1, q0, group = f) # Calculate a mean like ave(), but with weights x <- 1:6 w <- c(1:5, NA) grouped_mean <- grouped(\(x, w) geometric_mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE)) grouped_mean(x, w, group = f) # Redistribute weights w1 <- c(2, 4) w2 <- 1:6 harmonic_mean(mapply(harmonic_mean, split(x, f), split(w2, f)), w1) wr <- grouped(scale_weights)(w2, group = f) * w1[f] harmonic_mean(x, wr)
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Calculate Tornqvist weights for two groups f <- factor(rep(letters[1:2], each = 3)) tornqvist_weights <- grouped(index_weights("Tornqvist")) tornqvist_weights(p1, p0, q1, q0, group = f) # Calculate a mean like ave(), but with weights x <- 1:6 w <- c(1:5, NA) grouped_mean <- grouped(\(x, w) geometric_mean(x, w, na.rm = TRUE)) grouped_mean(x, w, group = f) # Redistribute weights w1 <- c(2, 4) w2 <- 1:6 harmonic_mean(mapply(harmonic_mean, split(x, f), split(w2, f)), w1) wr <- grouped(scale_weights)(w2, group = f) * w1[f] harmonic_mean(x, wr)
Calculate weights for a variety of different price indexes.
index_weights( type = c("Carli", "Jevons", "Coggeshall", "Dutot", "Laspeyres", "HybridLaspeyres", "LloydMoulton", "Palgrave", "Paasche", "HybridPaasche", "Drobisch", "Unnamed", "Tornqvist", "Walsh1", "Walsh2", "MarshallEdgeworth", "GearyKhamis", "Vartia1", "MontgomeryVartia", "Vartia2", "SatoVartia", "Theil", "Rao", "Lowe", "Young", "HybridCSWD") )
index_weights( type = c("Carli", "Jevons", "Coggeshall", "Dutot", "Laspeyres", "HybridLaspeyres", "LloydMoulton", "Palgrave", "Paasche", "HybridPaasche", "Drobisch", "Unnamed", "Tornqvist", "Walsh1", "Walsh2", "MarshallEdgeworth", "GearyKhamis", "Vartia1", "MontgomeryVartia", "Vartia2", "SatoVartia", "Theil", "Rao", "Lowe", "Young", "HybridCSWD") )
type |
The name of the index. See details for the possible types of indexes. |
The index_weights()
function returns a function to calculate weights
for a variety of price indexes. Weights for the following types of indexes
can be calculated.
Carli / Jevons / Coggeshall
Dutot
Laspeyres / Lloyd-Moulton
Hybrid Laspeyres (for use in a harmonic mean)
Paasche / Palgrave
Hybrid Paasche (for use in an arithmetic mean)
Törnqvist / Unnamed
Drobisch
Walsh-I (for an arithmetic Walsh index)
Walsh-II (for a geometric Walsh index)
Marshall-Edgeworth
Geary-Khamis
Montgomery-Vartia / Vartia-I
Sato-Vartia / Vartia-II
Theil
Rao
Lowe
Young
Hybrid-CSWD
The weights need not sum to 1, as this normalization isn't always appropriate (i.e., for the Vartia-I weights).
A function of current and base period prices/quantities that calculates the relevant weights.
Naming for the indexes and weights generally follows the CPI manual (2020), Balk (2008), von der Lippe (2007), and Selvanathan and Rao (1994). In several cases two or more names correspond to the same weights (e.g., Paasche and Palgrave, or Sato-Vartia and Vartia-II). The calculations are given in the examples.
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
IMF, ILO, Eurostat, UNECE, OECD, and World Bank. (2020). Consumer Price Index Manual: Concepts and Methods. International Monetary Fund.
von der Lippe, P. (2007). Index Theory and Price Statistics. Peter Lang.
Selvanathan, E. A. and Rao, D. S. P. (1994). Index Numbers: A Stochastic Approach. MacMillan.
update_weights()
for price-updating weights.
quantity_index()
to remap the arguments in these functions for a
quantity index.
Other price index functions:
geks()
,
price_indexes
,
splice_index()
p0 <- price6[[2]] p1 <- price6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] pb <- price6[[1]] qb <- quantity6[[1]] #---- Making the weights for different indexes ---- # Explicit calculation for each of the different weights # Carli/Jevons/Coggeshall all.equal(index_weights("Carli")(p1), rep(1, length(p0))) # Dutot all.equal(index_weights("Dutot")(p0), p0) # Laspeyres / Lloyd-Moulton all.equal(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), p0 * q0) # Hybrid Laspeyres all.equal(index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0), p1 * q0) # Paasche / Palgrave all.equal(index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1), p1 * q1) # Hybrid Paasche all.equal(index_weights("HybridPaasche")(p0, q1), p0 * q1) # Tornqvist / Unnamed all.equal( index_weights("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0), 0.5 * p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0) + 0.5 * p1 * q1 / sum(p1 * q1) ) # Drobisch all.equal( index_weights("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0), 0.5 * p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0) + 0.5 * p0 * q1 / sum(p0 * q1) ) # Walsh-I all.equal( index_weights("Walsh1")(p0, q1, q0), p0 * sqrt(q0 * q1) ) # Marshall-Edgeworth all.equal( index_weights("MarshallEdgeworth")(p0, q1, q0), p0 * (q0 + q1) ) # Geary-Khamis all.equal( index_weights("GearyKhamis")(p0, q1, q0), p0 / (1 / q0 + 1 / q1) ) # Montgomery-Vartia / Vartia-I all.equal( index_weights("MontgomeryVartia")(p1, p0, q1, q0), logmean(p0 * q0, p1 * q1) / logmean(sum(p0 * q0), sum(p1 * q1)) ) # Sato-Vartia / Vartia-II all.equal( index_weights("SatoVartia")(p1, p0, q1, q0), logmean(p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0), p1 * q1 / sum(p1 * q1)) ) # Walsh-II all.equal( index_weights("Walsh2")(p1, p0, q1, q0), sqrt(p0 * q0 * p1 * q1) ) # Theil all.equal(index_weights("Theil")(p1, p0, q1, q0), { w0 <- scale_weights(p0 * q0) w1 <- scale_weights(p1 * q1) (w0 * w1 * (w0 + w1) / 2)^(1 / 3) }) # Rao all.equal(index_weights("Rao")(p1, p0, q1, q0), { w0 <- scale_weights(p0 * q0) w1 <- scale_weights(p1 * q1) w0 * w1 / (w0 + w1) }) # Lowe all.equal(index_weights("Lowe")(p0, qb), p0 * qb) # Young all.equal(index_weights("Young")(pb, qb), pb * qb) # Hybrid CSWD (to approximate a CSWD index) all.equal(index_weights("HybridCSWD")(p1, p0), sqrt(p0 / p1))
p0 <- price6[[2]] p1 <- price6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] pb <- price6[[1]] qb <- quantity6[[1]] #---- Making the weights for different indexes ---- # Explicit calculation for each of the different weights # Carli/Jevons/Coggeshall all.equal(index_weights("Carli")(p1), rep(1, length(p0))) # Dutot all.equal(index_weights("Dutot")(p0), p0) # Laspeyres / Lloyd-Moulton all.equal(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0), p0 * q0) # Hybrid Laspeyres all.equal(index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0), p1 * q0) # Paasche / Palgrave all.equal(index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1), p1 * q1) # Hybrid Paasche all.equal(index_weights("HybridPaasche")(p0, q1), p0 * q1) # Tornqvist / Unnamed all.equal( index_weights("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0), 0.5 * p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0) + 0.5 * p1 * q1 / sum(p1 * q1) ) # Drobisch all.equal( index_weights("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0), 0.5 * p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0) + 0.5 * p0 * q1 / sum(p0 * q1) ) # Walsh-I all.equal( index_weights("Walsh1")(p0, q1, q0), p0 * sqrt(q0 * q1) ) # Marshall-Edgeworth all.equal( index_weights("MarshallEdgeworth")(p0, q1, q0), p0 * (q0 + q1) ) # Geary-Khamis all.equal( index_weights("GearyKhamis")(p0, q1, q0), p0 / (1 / q0 + 1 / q1) ) # Montgomery-Vartia / Vartia-I all.equal( index_weights("MontgomeryVartia")(p1, p0, q1, q0), logmean(p0 * q0, p1 * q1) / logmean(sum(p0 * q0), sum(p1 * q1)) ) # Sato-Vartia / Vartia-II all.equal( index_weights("SatoVartia")(p1, p0, q1, q0), logmean(p0 * q0 / sum(p0 * q0), p1 * q1 / sum(p1 * q1)) ) # Walsh-II all.equal( index_weights("Walsh2")(p1, p0, q1, q0), sqrt(p0 * q0 * p1 * q1) ) # Theil all.equal(index_weights("Theil")(p1, p0, q1, q0), { w0 <- scale_weights(p0 * q0) w1 <- scale_weights(p1 * q1) (w0 * w1 * (w0 + w1) / 2)^(1 / 3) }) # Rao all.equal(index_weights("Rao")(p1, p0, q1, q0), { w0 <- scale_weights(p0 * q0) w1 <- scale_weights(p1 * q1) w0 * w1 / (w0 + w1) }) # Lowe all.equal(index_weights("Lowe")(p0, qb), p0 * qb) # Young all.equal(index_weights("Young")(pb, qb), pb * qb) # Hybrid CSWD (to approximate a CSWD index) all.equal(index_weights("HybridCSWD")(p1, p0), sqrt(p0 / p1))
Calculate a weighted Lehmer mean.
lehmer_mean(r) contraharmonic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
lehmer_mean(r) contraharmonic_mean(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
r |
A finite number giving the order of the Lehmer mean. |
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
w |
A strictly positive numeric vector of weights, the same length as
|
na.rm |
Should missing values in |
The function lehmer_mean()
returns a function to compute the Lehmer
mean of order r
of x
with weights w
, which is
calculated as the arithmetic mean of x
with weights .
This is also called the counter-harmonic mean or generalized anti-harmonic
mean. See Bullen (2003, p. 245) for a definition, or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer_mean.
The Lehmer mean of order 2 is sometimes called the contraharmonic (or
anti-harmonic) mean. The function contraharmonic_mean()
simply calls
lehmer_mean(2)()
. Like the generalized mean, the contraharmonic mean
is the solution to an optimal prediction problem: choose to minimize
. The Lehmer mean of order -1 has a similar interpretation,
replacing
with
,
and together these bound the harmonic and arithmetic means.
The Lehmer mean is an alternative to the generalized mean that generalizes
the Pythagorean means. The function lehmer_mean(1)()
is identical to
arithmetic_mean()
, lehmer_mean(0)()
is identical to
harmonic_mean()
, and lehmer_mean(0.5)()
is identical to
geometric_mean()
with two values and no weights. See von der Lippe
(2015) for more details on the use of these means for making price indexes.
lehmer_mean()
returns a function:
function(x, w = NULL, na.rm = FALSE){...}
This computes the Lehmer mean of order r
of x
with weights
w
.
contraharmonic_mean()
returns a numeric value for the Lehmer mean of
order 2.
lehmer_mean()
can be defined on the extended real line, so that
r = -Inf / Inf
returns min()
/max()
, to agree with the
definition in, e.g., Bullen (2003). This is not implemented, and r
must be finite.
Bullen, P. S. (2003). Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities. Springer Science+Business Media.
Lehmer, D. H. (1971). On the Compounding of Certain Means. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 36(1): 183-200.
von der Lippe, P. (2015). Generalized Statistical Means and New Price Index Formulas, Notes on some unexplored index formulas, their interpretations and generalizations. Munich Personal RePEc Archive paper no. 64952.
Other means:
extended_mean()
,
generalized_mean()
,
nested_mean()
x <- 2:3 w <- c(0.25, 0.75) #---- The Pythagorean means are special cases of the Lehmer mean ---- all.equal(lehmer_mean(1)(x, w), arithmetic_mean(x, w)) all.equal(lehmer_mean(0)(x, w), harmonic_mean(x, w)) all.equal(lehmer_mean(0.5)(x), geometric_mean(x)) #---- Comparing Lehmer means and generalized means ---- # When r < 1, the generalized mean is larger than the corresponding # Lehmer mean lehmer_mean(-1)(x, w) < generalized_mean(-1)(x, w) # The reverse is true when r > 1 lehmer_mean(3)(x, w) > generalized_mean(3)(x, w) # This implies the contraharmonic mean is larger than the quadratic # mean, and therefore the Pythagorean means contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > arithmetic_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > geometric_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > harmonic_mean(x, w) # ... and the logarithmic mean contraharmonic_mean(2:3) > logmean(2, 3) # The difference between the arithmetic mean and contraharmonic mean # is proportional to the variance of x weighted_var <- function(x, w) { arithmetic_mean((x - arithmetic_mean(x, w))^2, w) } arithmetic_mean(x, w) + weighted_var(x, w) / arithmetic_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) #---- Changing the order of the mean ---- # It is easy to modify the weights to turn a Lehmer mean of order r # into a Lehmer mean of order s because the Lehmer mean can be # expressed as an arithmetic mean r <- 2 s <- -3 lehmer_mean(r)(x, w) lehmer_mean(s)(x, w * x^(r - 1) / x^(s - 1)) # The weights can also be modified to turn a Lehmer mean of order r # into a generalized mean of order s lehmer_mean(r)(x, w) generalized_mean(s)(x, transmute_weights(1, s)(x, w * x^(r - 1))) # ... and vice versa lehmer_mean(r)(x, transmute_weights(s, 1)(x, w) / x^(r - 1)) generalized_mean(s)(x, w) #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Percent-change contributions for a price index based on the Lehmer # mean are easy to calculate scale_weights(w * x^(r - 1)) * (x - 1)
x <- 2:3 w <- c(0.25, 0.75) #---- The Pythagorean means are special cases of the Lehmer mean ---- all.equal(lehmer_mean(1)(x, w), arithmetic_mean(x, w)) all.equal(lehmer_mean(0)(x, w), harmonic_mean(x, w)) all.equal(lehmer_mean(0.5)(x), geometric_mean(x)) #---- Comparing Lehmer means and generalized means ---- # When r < 1, the generalized mean is larger than the corresponding # Lehmer mean lehmer_mean(-1)(x, w) < generalized_mean(-1)(x, w) # The reverse is true when r > 1 lehmer_mean(3)(x, w) > generalized_mean(3)(x, w) # This implies the contraharmonic mean is larger than the quadratic # mean, and therefore the Pythagorean means contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > arithmetic_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > geometric_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) > harmonic_mean(x, w) # ... and the logarithmic mean contraharmonic_mean(2:3) > logmean(2, 3) # The difference between the arithmetic mean and contraharmonic mean # is proportional to the variance of x weighted_var <- function(x, w) { arithmetic_mean((x - arithmetic_mean(x, w))^2, w) } arithmetic_mean(x, w) + weighted_var(x, w) / arithmetic_mean(x, w) contraharmonic_mean(x, w) #---- Changing the order of the mean ---- # It is easy to modify the weights to turn a Lehmer mean of order r # into a Lehmer mean of order s because the Lehmer mean can be # expressed as an arithmetic mean r <- 2 s <- -3 lehmer_mean(r)(x, w) lehmer_mean(s)(x, w * x^(r - 1) / x^(s - 1)) # The weights can also be modified to turn a Lehmer mean of order r # into a generalized mean of order s lehmer_mean(r)(x, w) generalized_mean(s)(x, transmute_weights(1, s)(x, w * x^(r - 1))) # ... and vice versa lehmer_mean(r)(x, transmute_weights(s, 1)(x, w) / x^(r - 1)) generalized_mean(s)(x, w) #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Percent-change contributions for a price index based on the Lehmer # mean are easy to calculate scale_weights(w * x^(r - 1)) * (x - 1)
Calculate the (outer) generalized mean of two (inner) generalized means (i.e., crossing generalized means).
nested_mean(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) fisher_mean(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
nested_mean(r1, r2, t = c(1, 1)) fisher_mean(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
r1 |
A finite number giving the order of the outer generalized mean. |
r2 |
A pair of finite numbers giving the order of the inner generalized means. |
t |
A pair of strictly positive weights for the inner generalized means. The default is equal weights. |
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
w1 , w2
|
A strictly positive numeric vector of weights, the same length
as |
na.rm |
Should missing values in |
nested_mean()
returns a function:
function(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, na.rm = FALSE){...}
This computes the generalized mean of order r1
of the generalized
mean of order r2[1]
of x
with weights w1
and the
generalized mean of order r2[2]
of x
with weights w2
.
fisher_mean()
returns a numeric value for the geometric mean of the
arithmetic and harmonic means (i.e., r1 = 0
and r2 = c(1, -1)
).
There is some ambiguity about how to remove missing values in
w1
or w2
when na.rm = TRUE
. The approach here is to
remove missing values when calculating each of the inner means individually,
rather than removing all missing values prior to any calculations. This
means that a different number of data points could be used to calculate the
inner means. Use the balanced()
operator to balance
missing values across w1
and w2
prior to any calculations.
Diewert, W. E. (1976). Exact and superlative index numbers. Journal of Econometrics, 4(2): 114–145.
ILO, IMF, OECD, UNECE, and World Bank. (2004). Producer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice. International Monetary Fund.
Lent, J. and Dorfman, A. H. (2009). Using a weighted average of base period price indexes to approximate a superlative index. Journal of Official Statistics, 25(1):139–149.
nested_contributions()
for percent-change contributions for
indexes based on nested generalized means, like the Fisher index.
Other means:
extended_mean()
,
generalized_mean()
,
lehmer_mean()
x <- 1:3 w1 <- 4:6 w2 <- 7:9 #---- Making superlative indexes ---- # A function to make the superlative quadratic mean price index by # Diewert (1976) as a product of generalized means quadratic_mean_index <- function(r) nested_mean(0, c(r / 2, -r / 2)) quadratic_mean_index(2)(x, w1, w2) # The arithmetic AG mean index by Lent and Dorfman (2009) agmean_index <- function(tau) nested_mean(1, c(0, 1), c(tau, 1 - tau)) agmean_index(0.25)(x, w1, w1) #---- Walsh index ---- # The (arithmetic) Walsh index is the implicit price index when using a # superlative quadratic mean quantity index of order 1 p1 <- price6[[2]] p0 <- price6[[1]] q1 <- quantity6[[2]] q0 <- quantity6[[1]] walsh <- quadratic_mean_index(1) sum(p1 * q1) / sum(p0 * q0) / walsh(q1 / q0, p0 * q0, p1 * q1) sum(p1 * sqrt(q1 * q0)) / sum(p0 * sqrt(q1 * q0)) # Counter to the PPI manual (par. 1.105), it is not a superlative # quadratic mean price index of order 1 walsh(p1 / p0, p0 * q0, p1 * q1) # That requires using the average value share as weights walsh_weights <- sqrt(scale_weights(p0 * q0) * scale_weights(p1 * q1)) walsh(p1 / p0, walsh_weights, walsh_weights) #---- Missing values ---- x[1] <- NA w1[2] <- NA fisher_mean(x, w1, w2, na.rm = TRUE) # Same as using obs 2 and 3 in an arithmetic mean, and obs 3 in a # harmonic mean geometric_mean(c( arithmetic_mean(x, w1, na.rm = TRUE), harmonic_mean(x, w2, na.rm = TRUE) )) # Use balanced() to use only obs 3 in both inner means balanced(fisher_mean)(x, w1, w2, na.rm = TRUE)
x <- 1:3 w1 <- 4:6 w2 <- 7:9 #---- Making superlative indexes ---- # A function to make the superlative quadratic mean price index by # Diewert (1976) as a product of generalized means quadratic_mean_index <- function(r) nested_mean(0, c(r / 2, -r / 2)) quadratic_mean_index(2)(x, w1, w2) # The arithmetic AG mean index by Lent and Dorfman (2009) agmean_index <- function(tau) nested_mean(1, c(0, 1), c(tau, 1 - tau)) agmean_index(0.25)(x, w1, w1) #---- Walsh index ---- # The (arithmetic) Walsh index is the implicit price index when using a # superlative quadratic mean quantity index of order 1 p1 <- price6[[2]] p0 <- price6[[1]] q1 <- quantity6[[2]] q0 <- quantity6[[1]] walsh <- quadratic_mean_index(1) sum(p1 * q1) / sum(p0 * q0) / walsh(q1 / q0, p0 * q0, p1 * q1) sum(p1 * sqrt(q1 * q0)) / sum(p0 * sqrt(q1 * q0)) # Counter to the PPI manual (par. 1.105), it is not a superlative # quadratic mean price index of order 1 walsh(p1 / p0, p0 * q0, p1 * q1) # That requires using the average value share as weights walsh_weights <- sqrt(scale_weights(p0 * q0) * scale_weights(p1 * q1)) walsh(p1 / p0, walsh_weights, walsh_weights) #---- Missing values ---- x[1] <- NA w1[2] <- NA fisher_mean(x, w1, w2, na.rm = TRUE) # Same as using obs 2 and 3 in an arithmetic mean, and obs 3 in a # harmonic mean geometric_mean(c( arithmetic_mean(x, w1, na.rm = TRUE), harmonic_mean(x, w2, na.rm = TRUE) )) # Use balanced() to use only obs 3 in both inner means balanced(fisher_mean)(x, w1, w2, na.rm = TRUE)
Standard cutoff-based methods for detecting outliers with price relatives.
quartile_method(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, a = 0, type = 7) resistant_fences(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, a = 0, type = 7) robust_z(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu) fixed_cutoff(x, cu = 2.5, cl = 1/cu) tukey_algorithm(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, type = 7) hb_transform(x)
quartile_method(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, a = 0, type = 7) resistant_fences(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, a = 0, type = 7) robust_z(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu) fixed_cutoff(x, cu = 2.5, cl = 1/cu) tukey_algorithm(x, cu = 2.5, cl = cu, type = 7) hb_transform(x)
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector of price relatives. These can be
made with, e.g., |
cu , cl
|
A numeric vector, or something that can be coerced into one,
giving the upper and lower cutoffs for each element of |
a |
A numeric vector, or something that can be coerced into one,
between 0 and 1 giving the scale factor for the median to establish the
minimum dispersion between quartiles for each element of |
type |
See |
Each of these functions constructs an interval of the form and assigns a value in
x
as TRUE
if that value does not
belong to the interval, FALSE
otherwise. The methods differ in how
they construct the values ,
,
, and
. Any missing values in
x
are ignored when
calculating the cutoffs, but will return NA
.
The fixed cutoff method is the simplest, and just uses the interval
.
The quartile method and Tukey algorithm are described in paragraphs 5.113 to
5.135 of the CPI manual (2020), as well as by Rais (2008) and Hutton (2008).
The resistant fences method is an alternative to the quartile method, and is
described by Rais (2008) and Hutton (2008). Quantile-based methods often
identify price relatives as outliers because the distribution is
concentrated around 1; setting a > 0
puts a floor on the minimum
dispersion between quantiles as a fraction of the median. See the references
for more details.
The robust Z-score is the usual method to identify relatives in the (asymmetric) tails of the distribution, simply replacing the mean with the median, and the standard deviation with the median absolute deviation.
These methods often assume that price relatives are symmetrically
distributed (if not Gaussian). As the distribution of price relatives often
has a long right tail, the natural logarithm can be used to transform price
relative before identifying outliers (sometimes under the assumption that
price relatives are distributed log-normal). The Hidiroglou-Berthelot
transformation is another approach, described in the CPI manual (par.
5.124). (Sometimes the transformed price relatives are multiplied by
, for some
, so that products with a larger price
get flagged as outliers (par. 5.128).)
A logical vector, the same length as x
, that is TRUE
if the
corresponding element of x
is identified as an outlier,
FALSE
otherwise.
Hutton, H. (2008). Dynamic outlier detection in price index surveys. Proceedings of the Survey Methods Section: Statistical Society of Canada Annual Meeting.
IMF, ILO, Eurostat, UNECE, OECD, and World Bank. (2020). Consumer Price Index Manual: Concepts and Methods. International Monetary Fund.
Rais, S. (2008). Outlier detection for the Consumer Price Index. Proceedings of the Survey Methods Section: Statistical Society of Canada Annual Meeting.
grouped()
to make each of these functions operate on grouped data.
back_period()
/base_period()
for a simple utility function to turn prices
in a table into price relatives.
The HBmethod()
function in the univOutl package for the
Hidiroglou-Berthelot method for identifying outliers.
set.seed(1234) x <- rlnorm(10) fixed_cutoff(x) robust_z(x) quartile_method(x) resistant_fences(x) # always identifies fewer outliers than above tukey_algorithm(x) log(x) hb_transform(x) # Works the same for grouped data f <- c("a", "b", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b", "a", "a", "b") grouped(quartile_method)(x, group = f)
set.seed(1234) x <- rlnorm(10) fixed_cutoff(x) robust_z(x) quartile_method(x) resistant_fences(x) # always identifies fewer outliers than above tukey_algorithm(x) log(x) hb_transform(x) # Works the same for grouped data f <- c("a", "b", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b", "a", "a", "b") grouped(quartile_method)(x, group = f)
Prices and quantities for six products over five periods.
Each data frame has 6 rows and 5 columns, with each row corresponding to a product and each column corresponding to a time period.
Adapted from tables 3.1 and 3.2 in Balk (2008), which were adapted from tables 19.1 and 19.2 in the PPI manual.
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
ILO, IMF, OECD, UNECE, and World Bank. (2004). Producer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice. International Monetary Fund.
# Recreate tables 3.4, 3.6, and 3.12 from Balk (2008) index_formulas <- function(p1, p0, q1, q0) { c( harmonic_laspeyres = harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), geometric_laspeyres = geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), laspeyres = arithmetic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), paasche = harmonic_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1), geometric_paasche = geometric_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1), palgrave = arithmetic_index("Palgrave")(p1, p0, q1), fisher = fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0), tornqvist = geometric_index("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0), marshall_edgeworth = arithmetic_index("MarshallEdgeworth")(p1, p0, q1, q0), walsh1 = arithmetic_index("Walsh1")(p1, p0, q1, q0), vartia2 = geometric_index("Vartia2")(p1, p0, q1, q0), vartia1 = geometric_index("Vartia1")(p1, p0, q1, q0), stuvel = stuvel_index(2, 2)(p1, p0, q1, q0) ) } round(t(mapply(index_formulas, price6, price6[1], quantity6, quantity6[1])), 4)
# Recreate tables 3.4, 3.6, and 3.12 from Balk (2008) index_formulas <- function(p1, p0, q1, q0) { c( harmonic_laspeyres = harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), geometric_laspeyres = geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), laspeyres = arithmetic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0), paasche = harmonic_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1), geometric_paasche = geometric_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1), palgrave = arithmetic_index("Palgrave")(p1, p0, q1), fisher = fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0), tornqvist = geometric_index("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0), marshall_edgeworth = arithmetic_index("MarshallEdgeworth")(p1, p0, q1, q0), walsh1 = arithmetic_index("Walsh1")(p1, p0, q1, q0), vartia2 = geometric_index("Vartia2")(p1, p0, q1, q0), vartia1 = geometric_index("Vartia1")(p1, p0, q1, q0), stuvel = stuvel_index(2, 2)(p1, p0, q1, q0) ) } round(t(mapply(index_formulas, price6, price6[1], quantity6, quantity6[1])), 4)
Calculate a variety of price indexes using information on prices and quantities at two points in time.
arithmetic_index(type) geometric_index(type) harmonic_index(type) laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0, na.rm = FALSE) paasche_index(p1, p0, q1, na.rm = FALSE) jevons_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) lowe_index(p1, p0, qb, na.rm = FALSE) young_index(p1, p0, pb, qb, na.rm = FALSE) fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) hlp_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) lm_index(elasticity) cswd_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) cswdb_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) bw_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) stuvel_index(a, b) arithmetic_agmean_index(elasticity) geometric_agmean_index(elasticity) lehr_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE)
arithmetic_index(type) geometric_index(type) harmonic_index(type) laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0, na.rm = FALSE) paasche_index(p1, p0, q1, na.rm = FALSE) jevons_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) lowe_index(p1, p0, qb, na.rm = FALSE) young_index(p1, p0, pb, qb, na.rm = FALSE) fisher_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) hlp_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) lm_index(elasticity) cswd_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) cswdb_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE) bw_index(p1, p0, na.rm = FALSE) stuvel_index(a, b) arithmetic_agmean_index(elasticity) geometric_agmean_index(elasticity) lehr_index(p1, p0, q1, q0, na.rm = FALSE)
type |
The name of the index. See details for the possible types of indexes. |
p1 |
Current-period prices. |
p0 |
Base-period prices. |
q0 |
Base-period quantities. |
na.rm |
Should missing values be removed? By default missing values for prices or quantities return a missing value. |
q1 |
Current-period quantities. |
qb |
Period-b quantities for the Lowe/Young index. |
pb |
Period-b prices for the Lowe/Young index. |
elasticity |
The elasticity of substitution for the Lloyd-Moulton and AG mean indexes. |
a , b
|
Parameters for the generalized Stuvel index. |
The arithmetic_index()
, geometric_index()
, and
harmonic_index()
functions return a function to calculate a given
type of arithmetic, geometric (logarithmic), and harmonic index. Together,
these functions produce functions to calculate the following indexes.
Arithmetic indexes
Carli
Dutot
Laspeyres
Palgrave
Unnamed index (arithmetic mean of Laspeyres and Palgrave)
Drobisch (or Sidgwick, arithmetic mean of Laspeyres and Paasche)
Walsh-I (arithmetic Walsh)
Marshall-Edgeworth
Geary-Khamis
Lowe
Young
Hybrid-CSWD
Geometric indexes
Jevons
Geometric Laspeyres (or Jöhr)
Geometric Paasche
Geometric Young
Törnqvist (or Törnqvist-Theil)
Montgomery-Vartia / Vartia-I
Sato-Vartia / Vartia-II
Walsh-II (geometric Walsh)
Theil
Rao
Harmonic indexes
Coggeshall (equally weighted harmonic index)
Paasche
Harmonic Laspeyres
Harmonic Young
Along with the lm_index()
function to calculate the Lloyd-Moulton
index, these are just convenient wrappers for
generalized_mean()
and index_weights()
.
The Laspeyres, Paasche, Jevons, Lowe, and Young indexes are among the most
common price indexes, and so they get their own functions. The
laspeyres_index()
, lowe_index()
, and young_index()
functions correspond to setting the appropriate type
in
arithmetic_index()
; paasche_index()
and jevons_index()
instead come from the harmonic_index()
and geometric_index()
functions.
In addition to these indexes, there are also functions for calculating a
variety of indexes not based on generalized means. The Fisher index is the
geometric mean of the arithmetic Laspeyres and Paasche indexes; the Harmonic
Laspeyres Paasche (or Harmonic Paasche Laspeyres) index is the harmonic
analog of the Fisher index (8054 on Fisher's list). The
Carruthers-Sellwood-Ward-Dalen and Carruthers-Sellwood-Ward-Dalen-Balk
indexes are sample analogs of the Fisher
index; the Balk-Walsh index is the sample analog of the Walsh index. The AG
mean index is the arithmetic or geometric mean of the geometric and
arithmetic Laspeyres indexes, weighted by the elasticity of substitution.
The stuvel_index()
function returns a function to calculate a Stuvel
index of the given parameters. The Lehr index is an alternative to the
Geary-Khamis index, and is the implicit price index for Fisher's index 4153.
arithmetic_index()
, geometric_index()
, harmonic_index()
, and
stuvel_index()
each return a function to compute the relevant price
indexes; lm_index()
, arithmetic_agmean_index()
, and
geometric_agmean_index()
each return a function to calculate the
relevant index for a given elasticity of substitution. The others return a
numeric value giving the change in price between the base period and current
period.
There are different ways to deal with missing values in a price index,
and care should be taken when relying on these functions to remove missing
values. Setting na.rm = TRUE
removes price relatives with missing
information, either because of a missing price or a missing weight, while
using all available non-missing information to make the weights.
Certain properties of an index-number formula may not work as expected when
removing missing values if there is ambiguity about how to remove missing
values from the weights (as in, e.g., a Törnqvist or Sato-Vartia index). The
balanced()
operator may be helpful, as it balances the removal of missing
values across prices and quantities prior to making the weights.
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, I. (1922). The Making of Index Numbers. Houghton Mifflin Company.
IMF, ILO, Eurostat, UNECE, OECD, and World Bank. (2020). Consumer Price Index Manual: Concepts and Methods. International Monetary Fund.
von der Lippe, P. (2007). Index Theory and Price Statistics. Peter Lang.
von der Lippe, P. (2015). Generalized Statistical Means and New Price Index Formulas, Notes on some unexplored index formulas, their interpretations and generalizations. Munich Personal RePEc Archive paper no. 64952.
Selvanathan, E. A. and Rao, D. S. P. (1994). Index Numbers: A Stochastic Approach. MacMillan.
generalized_mean()
for the generalized mean that powers
most of these functions.
contributions()
for calculating percent-change contributions.
quantity_index()
to remap the arguments in these functions for a
quantity index.
price6()
for an example of how to use these functions with more
than two time periods.
The piar package has more functionality working with price indexes for multiple groups of products over many time periods.
Other price index functions:
geks()
,
index_weights()
,
splice_index()
p0 <- price6[[2]] p1 <- price6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] pb <- price6[[1]] qb <- quantity6[[1]] #---- Calculating price indexes ---- # Most indexes can be calculated by combining the appropriate weights # with the correct type of mean geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) geometric_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Arithmetic Laspeyres index laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) arithmetic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Harmonic calculation for the arithmetic Laspeyres harmonic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)) # Same as transmuting the weights all.equal( scale_weights(index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)), transmute_weights(1, -1)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) ) # This strategy can be used to make more exotic indexes, like the # quadratic-mean index (von der Lippe, 2007, p. 61) generalized_mean(2)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Or the exponential mean index (p. 62) log(arithmetic_mean(exp(p1 / p0), index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0))) # Or the arithmetic hybrid index (von der Lippe, 2015, p. 5) arithmetic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)) contraharmonic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Unlike its arithmetic counterpart, the geometric Laspeyres can # increase when base-period prices increase if some of these prices # are small gl <- geometric_index("Laspeyres") p0_small <- replace(p0, 1, p0[1] / 5) p0_dx <- replace(p0_small, 1, p0_small[1] + 0.01) gl(p1, p0_small, q0) < gl(p1, p0_dx, q0) #---- Price updating the weights in a price index ---- # Chain an index by price updating the weights p2 <- price6[[4]] laspeyres_index(p2, p0, q0) I1 <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) w_pu <- update_weights(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) I2 <- arithmetic_mean(p2 / p1, w_pu) I1 * I2 # Works for other types of indexes, too harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p2, p0, q0) I1 <- harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) w_pu <- factor_weights(-1)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) I2 <- harmonic_mean(p2 / p1, w_pu) I1 * I2 #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Percent-change contributions for the Tornqvist index w <- index_weights("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0) (con <- geometric_contributions(p1 / p0, w)) all.equal(sum(con), geometric_index("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) #---- Missing values ---- # NAs get special treatment p_na <- replace(p0, 6, NA) # Drops the last price relative laspeyres_index(p1, p_na, q0, na.rm = TRUE) # Only drops the last period-0 price sum(p1 * q0, na.rm = TRUE) / sum(p_na * q0, na.rm = TRUE) #---- von Bortkiewicz decomposition ---- paasche_index(p1, p0, q1) / laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) - 1 wl <- scale_weights(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) pl <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) ql <- quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1, q0, p0) sum(wl * (p1 / p0 / pl - 1) * (q1 / q0 / ql - 1)) # Similar decomposition for geometric Laspeyres/Paasche wp <- scale_weights(index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1)) gl <- geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) gp <- geometric_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1) log(gp / gl) sum(scale_weights(wl) * (wp / wl - 1) * log(p1 / p0 / gl)) #---- Consistency in aggregation ---- p0a <- p0[1:3] p0b <- p0[4:6] p1a <- p1[1:3] p1b <- p1[4:6] q0a <- q0[1:3] q0b <- q0[4:6] q1a <- q1[1:3] q1b <- q1[4:6] # Indexes based on the generalized mean with value share weights are # consistent in aggregation lm_index(0.75)(p1, p0, q0) w <- index_weights("LloydMoulton")(p0, q0) Ia <- generalized_mean(0.25)(p1a / p0a, w[1:3]) Ib <- generalized_mean(0.25)(p1b / p0b, w[4:6]) generalized_mean(0.25)(c(Ia, Ib), c(sum(w[1:3]), sum(w[4:6]))) # Agrees with group-wise indexes all.equal(lm_index(0.75)(p1a, p0a, q0a), Ia) all.equal(lm_index(0.75)(p1b, p0b, q0b), Ib) # Care is needed with more complex weights, e.g., Drobisch, as this # doesn't fit Balk's (2008) definition (p. 113) of a generalized-mean # index (it's the arithmetic mean of a Laspeyres and Paasche index) arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0) w <- index_weights("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0) Ia <- arithmetic_mean(p1a / p0a, w[1:3]) Ib <- arithmetic_mean(p1b / p0b, w[4:6]) arithmetic_mean(c(Ia, Ib), c(sum(w[1:3]), sum(w[4:6]))) # Does not agree with group-wise indexes all.equal(arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1a, p0a, q1a, q0a), Ia) all.equal(arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1b, p0b, q1b, q0b), Ib)
p0 <- price6[[2]] p1 <- price6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] pb <- price6[[1]] qb <- quantity6[[1]] #---- Calculating price indexes ---- # Most indexes can be calculated by combining the appropriate weights # with the correct type of mean geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) geometric_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Arithmetic Laspeyres index laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) arithmetic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Harmonic calculation for the arithmetic Laspeyres harmonic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)) # Same as transmuting the weights all.equal( scale_weights(index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)), transmute_weights(1, -1)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) ) # This strategy can be used to make more exotic indexes, like the # quadratic-mean index (von der Lippe, 2007, p. 61) generalized_mean(2)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Or the exponential mean index (p. 62) log(arithmetic_mean(exp(p1 / p0), index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0))) # Or the arithmetic hybrid index (von der Lippe, 2015, p. 5) arithmetic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("HybridLaspeyres")(p1, q0)) contraharmonic_mean(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) # Unlike its arithmetic counterpart, the geometric Laspeyres can # increase when base-period prices increase if some of these prices # are small gl <- geometric_index("Laspeyres") p0_small <- replace(p0, 1, p0[1] / 5) p0_dx <- replace(p0_small, 1, p0_small[1] + 0.01) gl(p1, p0_small, q0) < gl(p1, p0_dx, q0) #---- Price updating the weights in a price index ---- # Chain an index by price updating the weights p2 <- price6[[4]] laspeyres_index(p2, p0, q0) I1 <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) w_pu <- update_weights(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) I2 <- arithmetic_mean(p2 / p1, w_pu) I1 * I2 # Works for other types of indexes, too harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p2, p0, q0) I1 <- harmonic_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) w_pu <- factor_weights(-1)(p1 / p0, index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) I2 <- harmonic_mean(p2 / p1, w_pu) I1 * I2 #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Percent-change contributions for the Tornqvist index w <- index_weights("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0) (con <- geometric_contributions(p1 / p0, w)) all.equal(sum(con), geometric_index("Tornqvist")(p1, p0, q1, q0) - 1) #---- Missing values ---- # NAs get special treatment p_na <- replace(p0, 6, NA) # Drops the last price relative laspeyres_index(p1, p_na, q0, na.rm = TRUE) # Only drops the last period-0 price sum(p1 * q0, na.rm = TRUE) / sum(p_na * q0, na.rm = TRUE) #---- von Bortkiewicz decomposition ---- paasche_index(p1, p0, q1) / laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) - 1 wl <- scale_weights(index_weights("Laspeyres")(p0, q0)) pl <- laspeyres_index(p1, p0, q0) ql <- quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1, q0, p0) sum(wl * (p1 / p0 / pl - 1) * (q1 / q0 / ql - 1)) # Similar decomposition for geometric Laspeyres/Paasche wp <- scale_weights(index_weights("Paasche")(p1, q1)) gl <- geometric_index("Laspeyres")(p1, p0, q0) gp <- geometric_index("Paasche")(p1, p0, q1) log(gp / gl) sum(scale_weights(wl) * (wp / wl - 1) * log(p1 / p0 / gl)) #---- Consistency in aggregation ---- p0a <- p0[1:3] p0b <- p0[4:6] p1a <- p1[1:3] p1b <- p1[4:6] q0a <- q0[1:3] q0b <- q0[4:6] q1a <- q1[1:3] q1b <- q1[4:6] # Indexes based on the generalized mean with value share weights are # consistent in aggregation lm_index(0.75)(p1, p0, q0) w <- index_weights("LloydMoulton")(p0, q0) Ia <- generalized_mean(0.25)(p1a / p0a, w[1:3]) Ib <- generalized_mean(0.25)(p1b / p0b, w[4:6]) generalized_mean(0.25)(c(Ia, Ib), c(sum(w[1:3]), sum(w[4:6]))) # Agrees with group-wise indexes all.equal(lm_index(0.75)(p1a, p0a, q0a), Ia) all.equal(lm_index(0.75)(p1b, p0b, q0b), Ib) # Care is needed with more complex weights, e.g., Drobisch, as this # doesn't fit Balk's (2008) definition (p. 113) of a generalized-mean # index (it's the arithmetic mean of a Laspeyres and Paasche index) arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0) w <- index_weights("Drobisch")(p1, p0, q1, q0) Ia <- arithmetic_mean(p1a / p0a, w[1:3]) Ib <- arithmetic_mean(p1b / p0b, w[4:6]) arithmetic_mean(c(Ia, Ib), c(sum(w[1:3]), sum(w[4:6]))) # Does not agree with group-wise indexes all.equal(arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1a, p0a, q1a, q0a), Ia) all.equal(arithmetic_index("Drobisch")(p1b, p0b, q1b, q0b), Ib)
Remaps price arguments into quantity argument (and vice versa) to turn a price index into a quantity index.
quantity_index(f)
quantity_index(f)
f |
A function like f
, except that the role of prices/quantities is reversed.
Other operators:
balanced()
,
grouped()
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Remap argument names to be quantities rather than prices quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1 = q1, q0 = q0, p0 = p0) laspeyres_index(p1 = q1, p0 = q0, q0 = p0) # Works with the index_weights() functions, too quantity_index(index_weights("Laspeyres"))(q0 = q0, p0 = p0)
p1 <- price6[[3]] p0 <- price6[[2]] q1 <- quantity6[[3]] q0 <- quantity6[[2]] # Remap argument names to be quantities rather than prices quantity_index(laspeyres_index)(q1 = q1, q0 = q0, p0 = p0) laspeyres_index(p1 = q1, p0 = q0, q0 = p0) # Works with the index_weights() functions, too quantity_index(index_weights("Laspeyres"))(q0 = q0, p0 = p0)
Scale a vector of weights so that they sum to 1.
scale_weights(x)
scale_weights(x)
x |
A strictly positive numeric vector. |
A numeric vector that sums to 1. If there are NA
s in x
then the result
sums 1 to if these values are removed.
grouped()
to make this function applicable to grouped data.
Other weights functions:
factor_weights()
,
transmute_weights()
scale_weights(1:5)
scale_weights(1:5)
Splice a collection of index series computed over a rolling window into one index series. Splicing on multiple points combines the results with a geometric mean.
splice_index(x, periods = NULL, initial = NULL, published = FALSE)
splice_index(x, periods = NULL, initial = NULL, published = FALSE)
x |
A list of equal-length numeric vectors giving the period-over-period indexes for each window. |
periods |
An integer vector giving the splice points for each window. The default splices on each point in the window. |
initial |
A numeric vector giving an initial period-over-period index
series onto which the elements of |
published |
Should the splice be done against the published series? The default splices using the recalculated index series. |
A numeric vector giving the spliced (fixed-base) index series.
Chessa, A. G. (2019). A Comparison of Index Extension Methods for Multilateral Methods. Paper presented at the 16th Meeting of the Ottawa Group on Price Indices, 8-10 May 2019, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Krsinich, F. (2016). The FEWS index: Fixed effects with a window splice. Journal of Official Statistics, 32(2), 375-404.
Other price index functions:
geks()
,
index_weights()
,
price_indexes
# Make an index series over a rolling window x <- list(c(1.1, 0.9, 1.2), c(0.8, 1.3, 1.4), c(1.3, 1.3, 0.8)) # Mean splice splice_index(x) # Movement splice splice_index(x, 3) # Window splice splice_index(x, 1) # Splicing on the published series preserves the within-window # movement of the index series splice_index(x, 1, published = TRUE)
# Make an index series over a rolling window x <- list(c(1.1, 0.9, 1.2), c(0.8, 1.3, 1.4), c(1.3, 1.3, 0.8)) # Mean splice splice_index(x) # Movement splice splice_index(x, 3) # Window splice splice_index(x, 1) # Splicing on the published series preserves the within-window # movement of the index series splice_index(x, 1, published = TRUE)
Transmute weights to turn a generalized mean of order into a
generalized mean of order
. Useful for calculating additive and
multiplicative decompositions for a generalized-mean index, and those made
of nested generalized means (e.g., Fisher index).
transmute_weights(r, s) nested_transmute(r1, r2, s, t = c(1, 1)) nested_transmute2(r1, r2, s, t = c(1, 1))
transmute_weights(r, s) nested_transmute(r1, r2, s, t = c(1, 1)) nested_transmute2(r1, r2, s, t = c(1, 1))
r , s
|
A finite number giving the order of the generalized mean. See details. |
r1 |
A finite number giving the order of the outer generalized mean. |
r2 |
A pair of finite numbers giving the order of the inner generalized means. |
t |
A pair of strictly positive weights for the inner generalized means. The default is equal weights. |
The function transmute_weights(r, s)
returns a function to compute a
vector of weights v(x, w)
such that
generalized_mean(r)(x, w) == generalized_mean(s)(x, v(x, w))
nested_transmute(r1, r2, t, s)
and nested_transmute2(r1, r2, t, s)
do
the same for nested generalized means, so that
nested_mean(r1, r2, t)(x, w1, w2) == generalized_mean(s)(x, v(x, w1, w2))
This generalizes the result for turning a geometric mean into an arithmetic
mean (and vice versa) in section 4.2 of Balk (2008), and a Fisher mean into
an arithmetic mean in section 6 of Reinsdorf et al. (2002), although these
are usually the most important cases. See Martin (2021) for details.
nested_transmute2()
takes a slightly different approach than
nested_transmute()
, generalizing the van IJzeren arithmetic
decomposition for the Fisher index (Balk, 2008, section 4.2.2) using the
approach by Martin (2021), although in most cases the results are broadly
similar.
Transmuting weights returns a value that is the same length as x
,
so any missing values in x
or the weights will return NA
.
Unless all values are NA
, however, the result for will still satisfy
the above identities when na.rm = TRUE
.
transmute_weights()
returns a function:
function(x, w = NULL){...}
nested_transmute()
and nested_transmute2()
similarly return a
function:
function(x, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL){...}
Balk, B. M. (2008). Price and Quantity Index Numbers. Cambridge University Press.
Martin, S. (2021). A note on general decompositions for price indexes. Prices Analytical Series, Statistics Canada catalogue no. 62F0014M. Statistics Canada, Ottawa.
Reinsdorf, M. B., Diewert, W. E., and Ehemann, C. (2002). Additive decompositions for Fisher, Törnqvist and geometric mean indexes. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 28(1-2):51–61.
Sydsaeter, K., Strom, A., and Berck, P. (2005). Economists' Mathematical Manual (4th edition). Springer.
generalized_mean()
for the generalized mean and nested_mean()
for the
nested mean.
extended_mean()
for the extended mean that underlies
transmute_weights()
.
contributions()
for calculating additive percent-change
contributions.
grouped()
to make these functions operate on grouped data.
Other weights functions:
factor_weights()
,
scale_weights()
x <- 1:3 y <- 4:6 w <- 3:1 #---- Transforming generalized means ---- # Calculate the geometric mean as an arithmetic mean and # harmonic mean by transmuting the weights geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(x, transmute_weights(0, 1)(x)) harmonic_mean(x, transmute_weights(0, -1)(x)) # Transmuting the weights for a harmonic mean into those # for an arithmetic mean is the same as using weights w / x all.equal(transmute_weights(-1, 1)(x, w), scale_weights(w / x)) # Transmuting the weights for an arithmetic mean into those # for a harmonic mean is the same as using weights w * x all.equal(transmute_weights(1, -1)(x, w), scale_weights(w * x)) # Works for nested means, too w1 <- 3:1 w2 <- 1:3 fisher_mean(x, w1, w2) arithmetic_mean(x, nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2)) arithmetic_mean(x, nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2)) # Note that nested_transmute() has an invariance property # not shared by nested_transmute2() all.equal( nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2), transmute_weights(2, 1)( x, nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 2)(x, w1, w2) ) ) all.equal( nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2), transmute_weights(2, 1)( x, nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 2)(x, w1, w2) ) ) #---- Monotonicity ---- # Transmuted weights increase when x is small and decrease # when x is large if r < s transmute_weights(0, 1)(x, w) > scale_weights(w) # The opposite happens when r > s transmute_weights(1, 0)(x, w) > scale_weights(w) #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Transmuted weights can be used to calculate percent-change # contributions for, e.g., a geometric price index transmute_weights(0, 1)(x) * (x - 1) geometric_contributions(x) # the more convenient way #---- Basket representation of a price index ---- # Any generalized-mean index can be represented as a basket-style # index by transmuting the weights, which is how some authors # define a price index (e.g., Sydsaeter et al., 2005, p. 174) p1 <- 2:6 p0 <- 1:5 qs <- transmute_weights(-1, 1)(p1 / p0) / p0 all.equal(harmonic_mean(p1 / p0), sum(p1 * qs) / sum(p0 * qs))
x <- 1:3 y <- 4:6 w <- 3:1 #---- Transforming generalized means ---- # Calculate the geometric mean as an arithmetic mean and # harmonic mean by transmuting the weights geometric_mean(x) arithmetic_mean(x, transmute_weights(0, 1)(x)) harmonic_mean(x, transmute_weights(0, -1)(x)) # Transmuting the weights for a harmonic mean into those # for an arithmetic mean is the same as using weights w / x all.equal(transmute_weights(-1, 1)(x, w), scale_weights(w / x)) # Transmuting the weights for an arithmetic mean into those # for a harmonic mean is the same as using weights w * x all.equal(transmute_weights(1, -1)(x, w), scale_weights(w * x)) # Works for nested means, too w1 <- 3:1 w2 <- 1:3 fisher_mean(x, w1, w2) arithmetic_mean(x, nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2)) arithmetic_mean(x, nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2)) # Note that nested_transmute() has an invariance property # not shared by nested_transmute2() all.equal( nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2), transmute_weights(2, 1)( x, nested_transmute(0, c(1, -1), 2)(x, w1, w2) ) ) all.equal( nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 1)(x, w1, w2), transmute_weights(2, 1)( x, nested_transmute2(0, c(1, -1), 2)(x, w1, w2) ) ) #---- Monotonicity ---- # Transmuted weights increase when x is small and decrease # when x is large if r < s transmute_weights(0, 1)(x, w) > scale_weights(w) # The opposite happens when r > s transmute_weights(1, 0)(x, w) > scale_weights(w) #---- Percent-change contributions ---- # Transmuted weights can be used to calculate percent-change # contributions for, e.g., a geometric price index transmute_weights(0, 1)(x) * (x - 1) geometric_contributions(x) # the more convenient way #---- Basket representation of a price index ---- # Any generalized-mean index can be represented as a basket-style # index by transmuting the weights, which is how some authors # define a price index (e.g., Sydsaeter et al., 2005, p. 174) p1 <- 2:6 p0 <- 1:5 qs <- transmute_weights(-1, 1)(p1 / p0) / p0 all.equal(harmonic_mean(p1 / p0), sum(p1 * qs) / sum(p0 * qs))